Turkish Participles
Participle definition
Making the 'Present Participle' in Turkish
'Present Participle' table
Making the '(Aorist) Wide-tense' Participle -- Type 'A'
'Wide Tense' Participle table -- Type 'A'
Making the '(Aorist) Wide-tense' Participle -- Type 'B'
'Wide Tense' Participle table -- Type 'B'
Making the 'Past Personal' Participle
'Past Personal' Participle Table
Example -- Mixed 'Past Personal' and 'faux-participles'
Making the 'mis-Past' Participle
'mis-Past' Participle Table
Making the 'Future' Participle
'Future' Participle Table
Making the 'Future Personal' participle
'Future Personal' table
Example -- Mixed 'Future Personal' and 'faux-participles'
the following present participle in red…
You should leave examination questions that you find difficult to answer until last, Aristotle. [present participle used in a participle phrase modifying, questions.] translating the preceding example?
The Standard way to make the 'Present'
Participle in Turkish…
The present participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending. 2. To the remaining verb stem add '(y)en' if the verb is from the 'mek' family or '(y)an' if it's from the 'mak' family. [Note: the 'y' is only inserted if the verb stem ends in a vowel -- to avoid the occurrence of two consecutive vowels.]
Examples of Present Participle Construction:
Another Present Participle Example:
I know a man from Babel who speaks 4,923 languages fluently. [present participle used in a participle phrase modifying, man] |
The Type 'A' Participles
Example with the Type 'A' Wide-Tense Participle:
There's a lot of flowing water in the vicinity of Atlantis. (...water that flows, all the time...) [Type 'A' wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, water]
The Type 'A' Wide-tense participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending.
2. Affirmative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix
'-(e)r' ['-(i)r', '-(ü)r'], if the verb is from the 'mek' family,
3. Negative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add '-mez' (for '-mek' family verbs) or '-maz' (for '-mak' family verbs). for each of the two verb families, there is only one possible negative suffix, but that there are three possible affirmative suffixes. And remember too that suffix choices are always subject to the Rule of Vowel Harmony...
Examples of Type 'A' Wide Tense
Note: Quite a few of the wide-tense participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: düsünür; thinker and yazar; writer. Such as the adjectives: çalar;
Another Wide-tense Participle Example: Nero, yanmaz ipektan yapIlmIs elbiseler giyer.
Standard Way to Make the (Aorist) 'Wide-Tense'
Participles in Turkish...
Example with the Type 'B' Wide-Tense Participle:
Will Paris bring harm to Troy over his passing desires for Helena? You betcha! [Type 'B' wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, desires]
The Type 'B' Wide-tense participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending.
2. Affirmative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix
'-ici' ['-ücü'], if the verb is from the 'mek' family,
3. Negative participles -- Unlike the Type 'A' Wide Tense participles, there are no negative Type 'B' participles. As is the case with the Present Participles, all negative expressions are controlled through the main verb(s) in the sentence (or noun clause) where this participle is used. For example,
I don't want to give more worrying news to you, Job.
for a verb stem ending in a vowel, you need to insert 'y' before attaching the 'future' participle suffix, e.g. koruyucu; protecting, who protect(s)...
Examples of Type 'B' Wide Tense
Note: Quite a few of the Type 'B' wide-tense participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: böcek öldürücü; insecticide (bug killer) and uyusturucu; (narcotic) drugs. Such as the adjectives: güldürücü; amusing, and etkileyici; effective, influential...
Another Type 'B' Wide-tense Participle Example: Emek AtlasI yorarsa, o yorucu bir emektir.
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Standard Way to Make the 'Past Personal' Participle in Turkish...
Since they can't agree, we won't either, and have decided to call it "The Past Personal Participle" -- based solely on its appearance.
which may mean, that you wanted, as in, The suit that you wanted cost $9,000, but the checking account was in my name! Firstly, you'll see that it's made from the verb stem of, istemek; to want. Then hopefully, you'll notice two things about its suffix/ending, di What you will notice, we hope, is a) that it's based on the root suffix '-dik' (softened here to di which makes it 'appear' (at first glance) to be in the Past Tense and, b) that it definitely does include use of one of the So, Participles in this category, look like they're in Past Tense and, also, make use of the Personal Possessive Suffixes... And, that's why we call them the 'Past Personal' Participles. Whew!
Example with the 'Past Personal' Participle:
Bilmedi Don't tell your ideas to people you don't know, Socrates. It could get you into trouble.
The 'Past Personal' Participle is made in the following manner : 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending.
2. To the remaining verb stem,
3. To that resulting construction, attach an appropriate Personal Possessive Ending (PPE). Note: Before attaching the PPE, you may need to soften the final 'k' of that construction by substituting the Turkish 'yumasak-g' character. See following examples...
for each of the two verb families, there are two possible suffixes -- that are subject to the Rule of Vowel Harmony...
Examples of 'Past Personal' Participle Construction:
Another 'Past Personal' Participle Example:
hos geldiniz, Bayan Borgia. Duydu Note: 'olmadI no adjectival qualities. Some prefer to call it a noun that functions as In that case it translates something like, '[the likelihood of] your not being'. For easier translation, though, it's useful to think of it as a verb in a noun clause. If we do that, we can translate it more simply as, you aren't.
Welcome to the Ottoman Court, Miss Borgia. We're glad to know [that] you arent one of the European barbarians who weve heard [about]. [Past Personal participle used as an adjective modifying, Observe that, in this translation, the participle takes on the olmadI |
Standard Way to Make the 'mis-Past' Participle in Turkish... Example with the mis-Past Participle:
an example conjugation of a mis-Past verb?
Hair that has turned white is not a barrier to love, Methuselah. [mis-Past participle as adjective modifying, Hair]
The 'mis-Past' Participle is made in the following manner : 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending.
2. To the remaining verb stem,
for each of the two verb families , there are two possible suffixes -- that are subject to the Rule of Vowel Harmony...
Examples of mis-Past Participle Construction:
Another mis-Past Participle Example: Bu aksam Sodom ve Gomorrah bugüne kadar hiç görülmemis bazI olaylara tanIk oldu.
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Standard Way to Make the 'Future' Participle in Turkish
Please be careful with the box, Pandora -- there are some frightening things inside. (...things that will frighten inside.) [future participle as adjective modifying things]
The 'Future' Participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending.
2. To the remaining verb stem,
for a verb stem ending in a vowel, you need to insert 'y' before attaching the 'future' participle suffix, e.g. bulmayacak; that will not be found...
Examples of 'Future' Participle Construction:
Note: Many of the Future participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: yiyecek; food, something to eat, oyuncak; a toy, a trifling matter, an easy job, child's play, and açacak; any tool for opening things. Such as the adjectives: gelecek; coming, next, and olacak; suitable, so-called...
Another 'Future' Participle Example --
Tell me a story you can finish tonite, Scheherazade. Don't struggle and waste time with stories [...a story that will finish...stories that will not finish...] ['future' participles, both positive and negative, used as adjectives modifying, story/stories]. |
Standard Way to Make the 'Future Personal' Participle in Turkish... We mentioned this same kind of nomenclature problem above, in the section about the 'Past Personal' Participle. And, for the same kind of reasons presented there, we've decided to call this participle "The Future Personal Participle" -- based solely on its appearance.
Example with the 'Future Personal' Participle:
The Sphinx is waiting, Oedipus. And the answer you give his riddle had better be right!! (...it would be better if the answer that you will give...) ['future personal' participle as adjective modifying, answer]
The 'Future Personal' Participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending.
2. To the remaining verb stem,
3. To that resulting construction, attach an appropriate Personal Possessive Ending (PPE).
Examples of 'Future Personal' Participle Construction:
Another 'Future Personal' Participle Example:
Note: 'gecikece no adjectival qualities. Some prefer to call it a noun that functions as the object of '-dan korkuyorum'. In that case it means something like, '[the likelihood of] your being late in the future'. For easier translation, though, it's useful to think of it as a verb in a noun clause. If we do that, we can tranlate it more simply as, you'll be late. A 'faux-participle' like this one is usually easy to spot, because you most always find it sitting directly to the left of another verb formation, as in the above case,
Sit down, Sir Thomas. There are many subjects to discuss and I'm afraid that you'll be late to the guillotine.
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